Oct 6, 2025 · number theory, branch of mathematics concerned with properties of the positive integers (1, 2, 3, …). Sometimes called “higher arithmetic,” it is among the oldest and most …

number theory, Branch of mathematics concerned with properties of and relations among integers. It is a popular subject among amateur mathematicians and students because of the …

Oct 1, 2025 · Beginning with Nicomachus of Gerasa (flourished c. 100 ce), several writers produced collections expounding a much simpler form of number theory. A favourite result is …

Oct 6, 2025 · As mathematics filtered from the Islamic world to Renaissance Europe, number theory received little serious attention. The period from 1400 to 1650 saw important advances …

Sep 11, 2025 · number theory, branch of mathematics concerned with properties of the positive integers (1, 2, 3, …). Sometimes called “higher arithmetic,” it is among the oldest and most …

Things “are” number, or “resemble” number. To many Pythagoreans this concept meant that things are measurable and commensurable or proportional in terms of number—an idea of …

Oct 6, 2025 · Number theory - Prime, Distribution, Theorem: One of the supreme achievements of 19th-century mathematics was the prime number theorem, and it is worth a brief digression.

Sep 27, 2025 · The Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler pioneered the modern approach to congruence about 1750, when he explicitly introduced the idea of congruence modulo a …

Sep 17, 2025 · Law of large numbers, in statistics, the theorem that, as the number of identically distributed, randomly generated variables increases, their sample mean (average) approaches …

The most famous extension of Diophantus’s work was by Pierre de Fermat (1601–65), the founder of modern number theory. In the margins of his copy of Arithmetica, Fermat wrote …