This chart focuses primarily on the types of natural inclusions found in tourmaline, as well as the minerals in which tourmaline can be found as an inclusion. Treatments such as enhancement of ...

Figure 1. Schematic representation comparing PL methods. With standard PL microscopy, a single spot (shown as a green circle in the figure) is analyzed and represents only a small volume of the actual ...

Diamond “type” is a concept that is frequently mentioned in the gemological literature, but its relevance to the practicing gemologist is rarely discussed. Diamonds are broadly divided into two types ...

Figure 1. These emeralds from Musakashi, Zambia, range from 0.57 to 4.85 ct. The rough samples were polished with one window on each. The faceted sample measures 6.29 × 5.35 × 3.53 mm and weighs 0.97 ...

Jadeite is 6.5 to 7, and nephrite is 6 to 6.5 on the Mohs hardness scale. Hardness and toughness Gem and mineral hardness is measured on the Mohs scale. The numbers are based on the relative ease or ...

Lapis lazuli is an aggregate of several minerals. Lazurite grains provide its characteristic blue color, while golden flakes of pyrite can add attractive contrast. Lapis lazuli is a rock, which means ...

Gemological and spectroscopic properties of CVD synthetic diamonds from Gemesis Corp. were examined. Their color (colorless, near-colorless, and faint, ranging from F to L) and clarity (typically VVS) ...

The GIA Gem Trade Laboratory (GTL) collected gemological data on 1,490 natural-color pink gem diamonds—both types I and II. While there was some overlap in gemological properties between the two ...

Malaya garnets from Bekily, Madagascar, are predominantly pink to pinkish orange, with some stones orange to red. Discovered only in the late 1990s, the majority are intermediate members of the pyrope ...

Colorless to yellow to intense orange sapphire will react quite differently to light or heat depending on the nature of the material and the origin of the color. The authors determined that there are ...

Diamonds are the most amazing of gems. Just as amazing, however, is how natural diamonds reach Earth’s surface. Diamonds are formed 150 to 700 km deep in Earth, and are then carried upward in a rare ...

Tutti Frutti (bold color contrasts using carved gemstones) dazzles in this bracelet, brooch, and lapel watch by Mauboussin. Jewelry courtesy of Kathryn Bonanno. The Roaring Twenties – It’s a time that ...