1. Individual-and population-level variation in body size and growth often correlates with many fitness traits. Predation and food availability are expected to affect body size and growth as important ...

However, empirical evidence for competition—defense tradeoffs is limited and, as such, the mechanisms by which consumers regulate diversity remain uncertain. We performed a meta-analysis of 36 studies ...

Species adapt to their local climates, but how often they adapt to their local communities remains a mystery. To find answers, researchers examined over 125 studies testing local adaptation in over ...

Venom is not exclusive to animals—plants, fungi, protists, bacteria, and even viruses use venom-like mechanisms for defense, predation, and competition. Dodder - Cuscuta on a potato bush. Review ...

Required reading. Marquis and Whelan. 1994. Insectivorous birds increase growth of white oak through consumption of leaf-chewing insects. Ecology 75: 2007-2014. 2) Perturbation (system never reaches ...