TfL combines open and closed loop systems, using Oyster Cards, contactless card payments, and NFC Google or Apple pay, alongside physical ticketing. Transport for London (TfL) has long been regarded ...

A collaborative effort across 14 clinical centers in Canada and Australia reports that pregnant women with type 1 diabetes ...

The long-term goal of a fully automated insulin delivery (AID) system that operates without user input to maintain glucose levels within target range remains a future aspiration and may never be fully ...

People with type 1 diabetes require continuous insulin treatment and must regularly measure their glucose levels. With open-loop therapies*, insulin administration is manually controlled, while hybrid ...

In the audio world, the debate over closed-loop versus open-loop architectures has raged on for many years. Depending on the end-application or customer preference, valid arguments for both ...