Operational amplifiers (commonly called op amps) are a ubiquitous building block for designing electronic circuits. Today, these devices are fabricated as small integrated circuits, but the concept ...

As a service to our readers, we're providing the LTspice files used in Dr. Dyer's article on simulation of the 12AX7 and the K2-W vacuum-tube op amp. 1. The model for the K2-W is established as a ...

The non-inverting amplifier is easily the most popular signal conditioning front end. This configuration is one of the simplest, most basic applications of an op amp. In college circuits courses, ...

After a brief review of the history of the K2-W vacuum-tube op amp, an LTspice model is used to create its schematic in preparation for SPICE simulation. The availability of hierarchical blocks for ...