Often the questions we ask require us to make accurate predictions on how one factor affects an outcome. If a teacher is asked to work out how time spent writing an essay affects essay grades, it’s ...

Abstract. We design a numerical scheme for solving the Multi-step Forward Dynamic Programming (MDP) equation arising from the time-discretization of backward stochastic differential equations. The ...

For a long time, natural marine ecosystems have been subject to strong human intervention and global environmental changes. Therefore, it is a meaningful challenge to objectively evaluate the ...